Independent steering, power torque control and transfer in autonomous vehicles

ABSTRACT

Systems, apparatus and methods to multiple levels of redundancy in torque steering control and propulsion control of an autonomous vehicle include determining that a powertrain unit of the autonomous vehicle is non-operational and disabling propulsion operation of the non-operational powertrain unit and implementing torque steering operation in another powertrain unit while propelling the autonomous vehicle using other powertrain units that are configured to implement torque steering operation and propulsion operation.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/932,958 filed Nov. 4, 2015 (Attorney Docket No. ZOO-021) entitled “Quadrant Configuration Of Robotic Vehicles,” which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

FIELD

Embodiments of the present application relate generally to methods, systems and apparatus associated with drive operations of robotic vehicles.

BACKGROUND

Autonomous vehicles that lack adequate redundancy in drive systems of the vehicle may not be able to continue drive operations when one or more components of the drive system fail or are otherwise inoperative. In some examples, drive operations must be terminated, potentially stranding passengers being transported by the vehicle. Ideally, an autonomous vehicle ought to incorporate redundancy in drive systems that will allow the vehicle to continue drive operations, or at a minimum continue drive operations for a limited amount of time until the vehicle may be safely taken out of operation.

Accordingly, there is a need for redundancy in systems, apparatus and methods for implementing driverless robotic vehicles.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various embodiments or examples (“examples”) are disclosed in the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings:

FIG. 1 depicts a diagram of one example of implementation of torque steering in an autonomous vehicle, according to some examples;

FIG. 2A depicts a diagram of powertrain in an autonomous vehicle that implements torque steering, according to some examples;

FIG. 2B depicts a diagram of a torque steering mechanism of an autonomous vehicle, according to some examples;

FIGS. 3A-3D depict examples of torque steering in an autonomous vehicle in which at least one powertrain unit is in a non-operational state, according to some examples;

FIGS. 4A-4D depict additional examples of torque steering in an autonomous vehicle in which at least one powertrain unit is in a non-operational state, according to some examples;

FIG. 5 depicts a diagram of another example of implementation of torque steering in an autonomous vehicle, according to some examples;

FIG. 6 depicts a flow chart of implementation of torque steering in an autonomous vehicle, according to some examples;

FIG. 7 depicts another flow chart of implementation of torque steering in an autonomous vehicle, according to some examples; and

FIG. 8 depicts yet another flow chart of implementation of torque steering in an autonomous vehicle, according to some examples.

Although the above-described drawings depict various examples of the invention, the invention is not limited by the depicted examples. It is to be understood that, in the drawings, like reference numerals designate like structural elements. Also, it is understood that the drawings are not necessarily to scale.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various embodiments or examples may be implemented in numerous ways, including as a system, a process, a method, an apparatus, a user interface, software, firmware, logic, circuity, or a series of executable program instructions embodied in a non-transitory computer readable medium. Such as a non-transitory computer readable medium or a computer network where the program instructions are sent over optical, electronic, or wireless communication links and stored or otherwise fixed in a non-transitory computer readable medium. Examples of a non-transitory computer readable medium includes but is not limited to electronic memory, RAM, DRAM, SRAM, ROM, EEPROM, Flash memory, solid-state memory, hard disk drive, and non-volatile memory, for example. One or more non-transitory computer readable mediums may be distributed over a number of devices. In general, operations of disclosed processes may be performed in an arbitrary order, unless otherwise provided in the claims.

A detailed description of one or more examples is provided below along with accompanying figures. The detailed description is provided in connection with such examples, but is not limited to any particular example. The scope is limited only by the claims and numerous alternatives, modifications, and equivalents are encompassed. Numerous specific details are set forth in the following description in order to provide a thorough understanding. These details are provided for the purpose of example and the described techniques may be practiced according to the claims without some or all of these specific details. For clarity, technical material that is known in the technical fields related to the examples has not been described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the description.

FIG. 1 depicts a diagram 150 of one example of implementation of torque steering in an autonomous vehicle, according to some examples. In diagram 150, autonomous vehicle 100 may include one or more autonomous vehicle controllers 130 in communication 131 with powertrain units 101-104 being configured to implement torque steering and/or propulsion for autonomous vehicle 100, one or more power sources 140 (e.g., one or more batteries) electrically coupled 141 with powertrain units 101-104. Each powertrain unit may include a connector 132 being configured to electrically couple signals and/or data with power source 140 (e.g., a high voltage connection to a battery) and with vehicle controller 130, an electric motor (not shown), an axle 134 (e.g., a half-shaft including CV joints), a brake 136 (e.g., a disc or drum brake) coupled with the axle 134 and a wheel 137 coupled with the axle 134. Each powertrain unit (e.g., 101-104) may be configured to implement torque steering of its respective wheel 137 by a yaw moment created by changing a rotational speed of the wheel 137. For example, the rotational speed may be changed by changing a speed of an electric motor coupled with the axle 134, by applying the brake 136, or by regenerative braking applied by the electric motor. A change in the steering vector 121-124 of each wheel 137 while torque steering is being implemented need not be the same for each wheel 137 and the steering vectors 121-124 may vary or may be the same, for example.

A failure in one or more of the components or other related systems, hardware, software, etc. associated with one or more of the powertrain units 101-104 may be detected or otherwise determined by AV controller 130 and AV controller 130 may cause one or more of the powertrain units 101-104 to be disabled for propulsion (e.g., disconnect power to its electric motor), for torque steering or both, for example.

Autonomous vehicle 100 may be configured in one or more sections (e.g., quad-sections or half-sections) as denoted by sections 1-4. The sections that constitute the autonomous vehicle 100 may be connected to one another to form the autonomous vehicle 100, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/932,958 filed Nov. 4, 2015 entitled “Quadrant Configuration Of Robotic Vehicles,” which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. Autonomous vehicle 100 may be configured for bi-directional travel as denoted by arrow 190. Autonomous vehicle 100 may not have a front or a rear, and may instead have a first end 111 and a second end 112 that is opposite the first end 111.

FIG. 2A depicts a diagram 200 of powertrain in an autonomous vehicle that implements torque steering, according to some examples. In diagram 200, each powertrain unit (101-104) may include an electric motor 220 (e.g., an AC or DC motor). The motor 220 may be coupled with the axle 134, the axle 134 may constitute a half-shaft having a first CV joint 221 positioned proximate the motor 220 and a second CV joint 227 positioned proximate the wheel 137. In diagram 200, the brake 136 may be positioned at various locations along axle 134, such as within wheel 137, for example. A rotation point 227 of CV joint 223 is positioned to coincide with a pivot point of a kingpin, a steering knuckle or the like (not shown) that is inset a distance D1 from a center point 225 of wheel 137 such that a yaw moment about rotation point 227 may be created to cause torque steering of the wheel 137 by changes in rotational speed of the wheel 137 (e.g., via motor 220, brake 136, regenerative braking, etc.).

FIG. 2B depicts a diagram 260 of a torque steering mechanism of an autonomous vehicle, according to some examples. In diagram 260, a torque steering mechanism 250 (e.g., a kingpin, a steering knuckle or the like) may be positioned relative to CV joint 223 so that the above described rotation point 227 is aligned with a rotation point or center point of the CV joint 223 and with the rotation point 227 inset by the distance D1 from the center point 225 of wheel 137, for example. Steering mechanism 250 may be configured to couple with a mechanical link 252 that is coupled with the steering mechanism of another powertrain unit (not shown) as will be described below in reference to FIGS. 4A-5. The mechanical link 252 may be configure to move in a direction indicated by arrow 255 in response to torque steering of one or more of the wheels 137.

FIGS. 3A-3D depict examples 300-390 of torque steering in an autonomous vehicle in which at least one powertrain unit is in a non-operational state, according to some examples. In example 300, powertrain unit 101 may be determined to be in a non-operational state (e.g., due to failure of one or more components of powertrain unit 101, non-responsive to commands from AV controller 130, loss of power continuity with power source 140, etc.). The AV controller 130 may detect or otherwise determine that powertrain unit 101 is in the non-operational state and may further determine that powertrain unit 102 (e.g., positioned at the same end, the first end 111 of the vehicle 100) is in an operational state. To prevent unintended yaw moments in wheel 137 of powertrain unit 102 that may be caused by applying power to its motor (see 220 in FIG. 2A), the AV controller 130 may disable propulsion operation of powertrain unit 102. In example 300, torque steering operation of powertrain unit 102 may be enabled by the AV controller 130 to cause a yaw moment in wheel 137 due to a change in rotational speed of the wheel 137 of powertrain unit 102. The change in rotational speed of the wheel 137 of powertrain unit 102 may be implemented by the AV controller 130 causing the brake 136 to be applied or otherwise actuated (e.g., electrically actuated, mechanically actuate, hydraulically actuated, pneumatically actuated or electromechanically actuated), for example. In other examples, torque steering of the wheel 137 of powertrain unit 102, or of another powertrain unit, may be implemented by activating regenerative braking of its respective motor (see 220 in FIG. 2A).

In example 300, AV controller 130 may further determine an operational state of powertrain units 103 and 104 (e.g., located at the second end of vehicle 100). AV controller 130 may, upon determining the operational state of powertrain units 103 and 104, enable propulsion operation of the powertrain units 103 and 104. The autonomous vehicle 100 may be propelled (e.g., along its computed path or trajectory) using the propulsion provided by powertrain units 103 and 104 and may be torque steered by powertrain unit 102. Non-operational powertrain unit 101 may be disabled, by AV controller 130, from propulsion operation and torque steer operation in the example 300.

AV controller 130 may, upon determining the operational state of powertrain units 103 and 104, enable torque steering operation of by powertrain units 103 and 104 along with enabling of propulsion operation of the powertrain units 103 and 104, for example. In example 300, AV controller 130 may command travel of the autonomous vehicle 100 with the first end 111 moving in the direction indicated by arrow 301, or may command travel of the autonomous vehicle 100 with the second end 112 moving in the direction indicated by arrow 302, for example.

In example 350, AV controller 130 may determine that powertrain units 101 and 102 (e.g., at the first end 111) are in a non-operational state and may disable propulsion operation and torque steer operation of powertrain units 101 and 102. In example 350, AV controller 130 may determine that powertrain units 103 and 104 are in an operational state and may enable propulsion operation and torque steer operation of powertrain units 103 and 104. Further to example 350, the AV controller 130 may control the propulsion and/or the torque steer operation of powertrain units 103 and 104 to navigate the autonomous vehicle 100 along a safe-stop trajectory that will position the vehicle 100 at a safe location for its passengers and/or the vehicle 100, for example. In the example 350, the AV controller 130 may allow for continued autonomous operation of the vehicle 100 for a limited time until the vehicle 100 arrives at the destination location for the safe-stop trajectory, at which time, driving operation of the vehicle 100 may be autonomously terminated (e.g., in the interest of safety of the passengers, pedestrians, other vehicles, etc.).

Examples 370 and 390 depict alternative scenarios where the AV controller 130 has determined that powertrain units on one side of the vehicle 100 are in a non-operational state (e.g., powertrain units 101 and 103 in example 370 or powertrain units 102 and 104 in example 390), and the powertrain units on the other side of the vehicle 100 are in an operational state (e.g., powertrain units 102 and 104 in example 370 or powertrain units 101 and 103 in example 390). AV controller 130 may disable propulsion operation of the powertrain units that are in the non-operational state and may disable propulsion operation of the powertrain units that are in the operational state. Further to examples 370 and 390, the AV controller 130 may enable torque steering operation of the powertrain units that are in the operational state and may navigate the autonomous vehicle 100 along a safe-stop trajectory as described above.

FIGS. 4A-4D depict additional examples 400-490 of torque steering in an autonomous vehicle in which at least one powertrain unit is in a non-operational state, according to some examples. In examples 400-490, the powertrain units (101, 102) at the first end 111 of the vehicle 100, the powertrain units (103, 104) at the second end 112 of the vehicle 100, may include a mechanical link 252 (e.g., an Ackerman link) as describe above in FIG. 2B. In examples 400-490, the powertrain units in operational states and in non-operational states are the same as described above in reference to FIGS. 3A-3D; however, a powertrain unit enabled for torque steering operation by the AV controller 130 may cause, via the mechanical link 252, the wheel 137 of the other powertrain unit coupled with the mechanical link 252 to be steered at a steering vector that may the same or may be different than that of the wheel 137 being enabled for torque steering operation.

FIG. 5 depicts a diagram 500 of another example of implementation of torque steering in an autonomous vehicle, according to some examples. In diagram 500, a power steering unit 501, 502 or both may be coupled with the mechanical link 252. For example, the power steering unit (501, 502) may be an electrical power steering (EPS) unit or an electric power assisted steering (EPAS) unit that is coupled 541 with the power source 140 and coupled 531 with the AV controller 130. The power steering unit (501, 502) may be coupled with its respective mechanical link 252 (e.g., an Ackerman link) via a rack-and-pinion or other forms of mechanical linkage, for example. In diagram 500, the power steering unit (501, 502) may be configured for steering operation during low speed maneuvers by the autonomous vehicle, such as in parking the vehicle 100, while maneuvering in a parking lot or maneuvering in the presence of a large number of pedestrians, for example. The power steering unit (501, 502) may be configured to apply a steering force in a range from about 2 N m to about 5 Nm, for example.

FIG. 6 depicts a flow chart 600 of implementation of torque steering in an autonomous vehicle, according to some examples. At a stage 602, a first powertrain unit of an autonomous vehicle may be determined to be in a non-operational state. At a stage 604, a second powertrain unit of the autonomous vehicle may be determined to be in an operational state. At a stage 606, propulsion operation of the second powertrain unit of the autonomous vehicle may be disabled. At a stage 608, torque steering operation of the second powertrain unit of the autonomous vehicle may be enabled. At a stage 610 a determination may be made as to whether or not the flow chart 600 is done. If a YES branch is taken, the flow chart 600 may terminate. If a YES branch is taken, then flow chart 600 may transition to a stage 612 where an operational state of a third powertrain unit and a fourth powertrain unit of the autonomous vehicle may be determined. At a stage 614, propulsion operation of the third powertrain unit and the fourth powertrain unit of the autonomous vehicle may be enabled. At a stage 616, torque steering operation of the third powertrain unit and the fourth powertrain unit of the autonomous vehicle may be enabled. At a stage 618, the third powertrain unit and the fourth powertrain unit may propel the autonomous vehicle (e.g., as the vehicle 100 autonomously navigates a selected trajectory).

FIG. 7 depicts another flow chart 700 of implementation of torque steering in an autonomous vehicle, according to some examples. At a stage 702, a non-operational state of a first powertrain unit and a second powertrain unit positioned at an end of an autonomous vehicle (e.g., first end 111 or second end 112 of vehicle 100 in FIG. 1) may be determined. At a stage 704, propulsion operation of the first powertrain unit and the second powertrain unit may be disabled. At a stage 706, an operational state of a third powertrain unit and a fourth powertrain unit positioned at another end of the autonomous vehicle (e.g., first end 111 or second end 112 of vehicle 100 in FIG. 1) may be determined. At as stage 708, torque steering operation of the third powertrain unit and the fourth powertrain unit may be enabled. At as stage 710, propulsion operation of the third powertrain unit and the fourth powertrain unit may be enabled. At a stage 712, the autonomous vehicle may be propelled by the third powertrain unit and the fourth powertrain unit. At a stage 714, the autonomous vehicle may navigate a safe-stop trajectory.

FIG. 8 depicts yet another flow chart 800 of implementation of torque steering in an autonomous vehicle, according to some examples. In flow chart 800, at a stage 802, a non-operational state of a first powertrain unit and a second powertrain unit positioned on one side of an autonomous vehicle (e.g., powertrain units 101 and 103 or 102 and 104 of vehicle 100 in FIG. 1) may be determined. At a stage 804, propulsion operation of the first powertrain unit and the second powertrain unit may be disabled. At a stage 806, an operational state of a third powertrain unit and a fourth powertrain unit positioned on another side of an autonomous vehicle (e.g., powertrain units 101 and 103 or 102 and 104 of vehicle 100 in FIG. 1) may be determined. At a stage 808, torque steering operation of the third powertrain unit and the fourth powertrain may be enabled. At a stage 810, propulsion operation of the third powertrain unit and the fourth powertrain may be disabled. At a stage 812, the autonomous vehicle may navigate a safe-stop trajectory.

In the flow charts depicted in FIGS. 6-8, the AV controller 130 or some other system or processor of the autonomous vehicle 100 may implement one or more of the stages depicted.

Although the foregoing examples have been described in some detail for purposes of clarity of understanding, the above-described conceptual techniques are not limited to the details provided. There are many alternative ways of implementing the above-described conceptual techniques. The disclosed examples are illustrative and not restrictive. 

1-14. (canceled)
 15. A method, comprising: determining, by a vehicle control unit of an autonomous vehicle, a nonoperational state of a first powertrain unit of the autonomous vehicle; determining, by the vehicle control unit, an operational state of one or more of a second powertrain unit, a third powertrain unit, or a fourth powertrain unit; disabling, by the vehicle control unit, propulsion operation of one or more of the second powertrain unit, the third powertrain unit, or the fourth powertrain unit; and enabling, by the vehicle control unit, torque steering operation of one or more of the second powertrain unit, the third powertrain unit, or the fourth powertrain unit.
 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising: enabling, by the vehicle control unit, propulsion operation of the third powertrain unit and the fourth powertrain unit, wherein the third powertrain unit and the fourth powertrain unit are positioned at a first end of the autonomous vehicle; and propelling, at least in part by the third powertrain unit and the fourth powertrain unit, the autonomous vehicle.
 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising changing, by one or more mechanical linkages coupled to the first powertrain unit and the second powertrain unit, a steering vector of one or more of a first wheel coupled to the first powertrain unit or a second wheel coupled to the second powertrain unit.
 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising: wherein enabling, by the vehicle control unit, the torque steering operation includes enabling the third powertrain unit and the fourth powertrain unit; and causing, by the vehicle control unit, a difference in rotational speed between a third wheel coupled to the third powertrain unit and a fourth wheel coupled to the fourth powertrain unit to change a steering vector of the third wheel and the fourth wheel in the fourth powertrain unit by a yaw moment created by the difference in rotational speed.
 19. The method of claim 15, further comprising: determining, by the vehicle control unit of the autonomous vehicle, a nonoperational state of the second powertrain unit, wherein the first powertrain unit and the second powertrain unit are positioned at a first end of the autonomous vehicle; determining, by the vehicle control unit, an operational state of the third powertrain unit and the fourth powertrain unit, wherein the third powertrain unit and the fourth powertrain unit are positioned at a second end of the autonomous vehicle; wherein disabling, by the vehicle control unit, propulsion operation includes disabling the first powertrain unit and the second powertrain unit; and wherein enabling, by the vehicle control unit, torque steering operation includes enabling the third powertrain unit and the fourth powertrain unit; enabling, by the vehicle control unit, propulsion operation of one or more of the third powertrain unit, or the fourth powertrain unit; propelling, by the one or more of the third powertrain unit, or the fourth powertrain unit, the autonomous vehicle; and navigating a safe-stop trajectory for the autonomous vehicle.
 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising: disabling, by the vehicle control unit, torque steering operation of the first powertrain unit and the second powertrain unit.
 21. The method of claim 15, further comprising: determining, by the vehicle control unit of the autonomous vehicle, a nonoperational state of the second powertrain unit, wherein the first powertrain unit and the second powertrain unit are positioned on a first side of the autonomous vehicle; determining, by the vehicle control unit, an operational state of the third powertrain unit and the fourth powertrain unit, wherein the third powertrain unit and the fourth powertrain unit are positioned on a second side of the autonomous vehicle wherein disabling, by the vehicle control unit, propulsion operation includes disabling the first powertrain unit and the second powertrain unit; and wherein enabling, by the vehicle control unit, torque steering operation includes enabling the third powertrain unit and the fourth powertrain unit; wherein disabling, by the vehicle control unit, propulsion operation includes disabling the third powertrain unit and the fourth powertrain unit; and navigating a safe-stop trajectory for the autonomous vehicle.
 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising: disabling, by the vehicle control unit, torque steering operation of the first powertrain unit and the second powertrain unit.
 23. A system, comprising: one or more powertrain units positioned on a first end of a robotic vehicle; one or more other powertrain units positioned on a second end of the robotic vehicle; one or more wheels coupled to the one or more powertrain units; one or more other wheels coupled to the one or more other powertrain units; and one or more vehicle control units coupled to the one or more powertrain units and the one or more other powertrain units, wherein the one or more vehicle control units are configured to determine a nonoperational state of at least one of the one or more powertrain units, determine an operational state of at least one of the other powertrain units, disable propulsion operation of at least one of the one or more of the powertrain units or the other powertrain units, and enable torque steering operation of at least one of the one or more of the powertrain units or the other powertrain units.
 24. The system of claim 23, wherein the one or more powertrain units include a first powertrain unit and a second powertrain unit, wherein the one or more other powertrain units include a third powertrain unit and a fourth powertrain unit, wherein the one or more wheels includes a first wheel coupled to the first powertrain unit and a second wheel coupled to the second powertrain unit, wherein the one or more other wheels includes a third wheel coupled to the third powertrain unit and a fourth wheel coupled to the fourth powertrain unit, wherein the one or more vehicle control units are further configured to enable propulsion operation of the third powertrain unit and the fourth powertrain unit; and propel, at least in part by the third powertrain unit and the fourth powertrain unit, the robotic vehicle.
 25. The system of claim 24, further comprising changing, by one or more mechanical linkages coupled to the first powertrain unit and the second powertrain unit, a steering vector of one or more of the first wheel coupled to the first powertrain unit or the second wheel coupled to the second powertrain unit.
 26. The system of claim 24, wherein enabling the torque steering operation includes enabling the third powertrain unit and the fourth powertrain unit; and wherein the one or more vehicle control units are further configured to cause a difference in rotational speed between the third wheel coupled to the third powertrain unit and the fourth wheel coupled to the fourth powertrain unit to change a steering vector of the third wheel and the fourth wheel in the fourth powertrain unit by a yaw moment created by the difference in rotational speed.
 27. The system of claim 24, wherein the one or more vehicle control units are further configured to determine a nonoperational state of the second powertrain unit; determine an operational state of the third powertrain unit and the fourth powertrain unit; wherein disabling, propulsion operation includes disabling the first powertrain unit and the second powertrain unit; and wherein enabling, torque steering operation includes enabling the third powertrain unit and the fourth powertrain unit; enable propulsion operation of one or more of the third powertrain unit, or the fourth powertrain unit; and navigate a safe-stop trajectory for the autonomous vehicle.
 28. The system of claim 24, wherein the one or more vehicle control units are further configured to disable torque steering operation of the first powertrain unit and the second powertrain unit.
 29. The system of claim 24, wherein the one or more vehicle control units are further configured to: determine a nonoperational state of the third powertrain unit; determine an operational state of the second powertrain unit; wherein disabling propulsion operation includes disabling the first powertrain unit and the third powertrain unit; wherein enabling torque steering operation includes enabling the second powertrain unit and the fourth powertrain unit; wherein disabling propulsion operation includes disabling the second powertrain unit and the fourth powertrain unit; and navigate a safe-stop trajectory for the autonomous vehicle.
 30. The system of claim 29, wherein the one or more vehicle control units are further configured to disable torque steering operation of the first powertrain unit and the third powertrain unit.
 31. A robotic vehicle, comprising: powertrain units, including a first powertrain unit coupled to a first wheel; a second powertrain unit coupled to a second wheel; a third powertrain unit coupled to a third wheel; and a fourth powertrain unit coupled to a fourth wheel; and one or more vehicle control units coupled to the powertrain units, wherein the one or more vehicle control units are configured to determine a nonoperational state of one of the first powertrain unit, the second powertrain unit, the third powertrain unit, or the fourth powertrain unit, determine an operational state of at least one of the first powertrain unit, the second powertrain unit, the third powertrain unit, or the fourth powertrain unit, disable propulsion operation of at least one of the first powertrain unit, the second powertrain unit, the third powertrain unit, or the fourth powertrain unit, and enable torque steering operation of the first powertrain unit, the second powertrain unit, the third powertrain unit, or the fourth powertrain unit.
 32. The robotic vehicle of claim 31, wherein the one or more vehicle control units are further configured to enable propulsion operation of at least two of the powertrain units; and propel, at least in part by the at least two powertrain units, the robotic vehicle.
 33. The robotic vehicle of claim 31, further comprising: wherein enabling the torque steering operation includes enabling torque steering for at least two of the powertrain units; and causing a difference in rotational speed between at least two wheels associated with the at least two of the powertrain units to change a steering vector of based at least in part on the difference in rotational speed.
 34. The robotic vehicle of claim 31, wherein the one or more vehicle control units are further configured to navigate a safe-stop trajectory for the robotic vehicle; wherein disabling, propulsion operation includes disabling at least two of the powertrain units that are positioned on a first end of the robotic vehicle; and wherein enabling, torque steering operation includes enabling at least two of the powertrain units that are positioned on a second end of the robotic vehicle.
 35. The robotic vehicle of claim 31, wherein the one or more vehicle control units are further configured to: navigate a safe-stop trajectory for the autonomous vehicle, wherein disabling, propulsion operation includes disabling at least two of the powertrain units that are positioned on a first side of the robotic vehicle; and wherein enabling, torque steering operation includes enabling at least two of the powertrain units that are positioned on a second side of the robotic vehicle. 